Pathogen detection by immunoassay gives the biodefense community an established method for assaying environmental samples. However, this technology has limitations that necessitate the development of additional identification methodologies. Detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of nucleic acids and rapid hand held DNA sequencing offers additional levels of detection that will increase the capability to differentiate between closely related threats and will augment existing technology for even greater confidence in the identification of biowarfare targets. Real-time PCR detection technologies still have several hurdles that must be overcome before this technology can be fielded to support the military. Research interests include but are not limited to mechanisms of invasion, secretory pathways, micro-RNA characterization, and protein and genetic markers of exposure. Research programs exist for developing new PCR assays for detection of pathogens, lyophilization of completed assays, field testing of assay technology, and the utilization of these assays to elucidate virulence mechanisms.